The abstract describes the novels as subversive, but this is meant in terms of subtle indoctrination:
Studies of romantic fiction in other cultures, as mentioned above, acknowledge its subversive, covert reinforcement of patriarchal ideology even in open, democratic regimes. In the stifling repressive climate of Spain in the 1940s and 1950s the effects were even more significant. (54)
The abstract describes the novels as subversive, but this is meant in terms of subtle indoctrination: